craccivora is a cosmopolitan species with a worldwide distribution; abundant in subtropical and tropical regions, and in the Mediterranean. 29, 30, and 31). Reservoirs of aphids and virus infection could spread to other leguminous crops, and it has been recommended that lucerne cultivation should not be introduced into the main groundnut-growing areas of the Sudan (Ahmed and El Sadig, 1985).A. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. This compared with yields of 6.39-11.57 q/ha in plots treated with eight pyrethroid insecticides. UK, CAB International, 1983. Insect enemies of the lucerne aphid. Occurrence of Aphis craccivora on Clerodendrum indicum - a new record from north-east India. Spatial distribution of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Groundnut plants take on a bushy appearance due to attack by A. craccivora and infection with rosette virus. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 93(3):238-243, Abdou WL, Abdel-Hakim EA, Salem NY, Mansour MH, Amr EM, 2012. Toxicological and phytochemical studies of wild plant, Abdou WL, Abdel-Hakim EA, Salem NY, Mansour MH, Amr EM, 2012. Resistance to A. craccivora was identified in the groundnut breeding line ICG 12991, with a lower rate of nymphal development, lower fecundity and smaller aphids than on control varieties (Minja et al., 1999). Two new Pseudephedrus Stary, aphid parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) associated with Nothofagus in South America. Impact of density of Aphis craccivora (Aphididae) on growth and yield of susceptible and resistant cowpea cultivars. Infection with Peanut mottle virus led to a mean yield loss of 20%/plant in Georgia, USA, in 1973 (Kuhn and Demski, 1975). Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 13(3):101-106. http://www.entomol.org. Effect of introduction of, Fajinmi AA, Odebode CA, Fajinmi OB, 2011. Crop Research (Hisar), 20(3):463-468. The earlier the plant became infected, the higher the percentage of infected seeds (Khan and Lapis, 1989). Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L (eds), 1996. Evans AC, 1954. Significant interactions were found between cultivar and duration of infestation for plant yields, quantified as pods per plants and seeds per pod. The durations of the total life cycle during the corresponding periods were 11.07, 11.15, 10.79 and 10.42 days (Patel and Srivastava, 1989). In: Hartley MJ, ed. High rainfall is not favourable to A. craccivora populations since aphids do not survive periods of heavy rain. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey. Effects of ant-attendance on the honeydew excretion and larviposition of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Biology and control. Hareendranath V, Nair KPV, Paulose S, 1987. Seasonal abundance and diversity of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in a pepper production region in Jamaica. Cowpeas and other cropsA. Journal of Applied Horticulture (Lucknow), 16(1):59-60. http://www.horticultureresearch.net/, Jagtap AB, Ghule BD, Deokar AB, 1984. Biocontrol News and Information. Alegbejo MD, Abo ME, 2002. Eastop VF, Hille Ris Lambers D, 1976. Kuhn CW, Demski JW, 1975. in kharif greengram var. craccivora is probably the most injurious insect species of groundnut throughout Africa (Mayeux, 1984; Attia et al., 1986; Tarimo and Karel, 1987; Wightman and Wightman, 1994). Crop Protection, 14(7):533-538; 21 ref. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey. Occurrence of, Shomirsaidov Sh, 1983. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 3(3):121-123, Zheng YS, Tang BS, 1989. A mixture of alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides and nicotine showed significant synergistic activity against A. craccivora in field trials (Huo et al., 2014). Owolabi AT, Proll E, 2001. Occurrence of Aphis craccivora on Clerodendrum indicum - a new record from north-east India. 295-299. The close spacing of groundnuts can deter A. craccivora and is also an important cultural factor influencing yield loss (Mayeux, 1984).Indirect Damage Insect Environment, 5(2):75. Other sprays tried on crops include neem (Dimetry and El Hawary, 1995) and petroleum oil (El Sisi and El Hariry, 1991). Rabindra Prasad and Devendera Prasad (2007), Brassica rapa subsp. Madras Agricultural Journal, 60(1):70-71, Kousalya G, Ayyavoo R, Krishnamurthy CS, Kandaswamy TK, Bhaskaran S, 1971. Cultivar selection was the most important factor determining yield, with aphid-resistant cultivars giving best yields. A population explosion of Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cowpeas protected with cypermethrin. Alegbejo MD, 1999. GroundnutsA. 64 (2), 237-238. Sturza VS, Dequech STB, Machado SLde O, Poncio S, Bolzan A, Guths C, 2011. Experimental releases of an introduced aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, from the USA, were carried out in Shaanxi, China, in 1983 (Zheng and Tang, 1989). Anz., 165:388-392. Effect of strip-management on the population of the aphid. Insect pests associated with fenugreek in Haryana. Talati and Butani (1980) investigated reproductive rate on groundnut in the laboratory in India, and observed that offspring from a single gravid adult aphid averaged 17-43 in 15 days. Intermittent rains have a depressing effect on the aphid population. Munyuli MBT, Luther GC, Kyamanywa S, 2006. Legume Research, 17:1-4. Having had 5 national genera collections of South African summer rainfall species I was more than used to Aphis fabae each sumer. The aphid Aphis craccivora (Koch, 1854), is a species whose development is almost entirely anholocyclic and takes place on a single type of plant. Detailed ecological studies of A. craccivora have been done by Réal (1955) on groundnuts in West Africa and Gutierrez et al. In Australia, aphids decrease the grain yield of lupins directly, when large numbers of aphids colonize plants late in the growing season, but mainly cause economic damage via the spread of CMV infection. Martins D dos S, Ventura J A, Paula R de C A L, Fornazier M J, Rezende J A M, Culik M P, Ferreira P S F, Peronti A L B G, Carvalho R C Z de, Sousa-Silva C R, 2016. A strategy that combined early planting, close planting (30 × 20 cm) and three insecticide applications, once each at the budding, flowering and podding stages, resulted in the highest yields of 791 kg/ha with a 51% yield gain over the farmers' traditional practices. Blackman RL, Eastop VF, 1984. Chen KunRong, Zhang ZongYi, Xu ZeYong, Dietzgen RG, Reddy DVR, 1999. Kalra V K, Sharma S S, Batra G R, 2002. The effect of Uromyces appendiculatus and Aphis craccivora on the yield of Vigna sesquipedalis. Kaiser WJ, 1973. Results and Discussion Seasonal activity of aphids, Aphis craccivora during Kharif 2018 During Kharif season, the incidence of aphid, Aphis craccivora was observed throughout the 34th th In general, this pest causes severe damage to beans in warm weather, especially in medium-rainfall areas of the region. Studies on the aphid, Aphis craccivora, Koch. Indian Journal of Entomology, 70(1):21-25. Oudhia P, 2001. The earlier the plant became infected, the higher the percentage of infected seeds (Khan and Lapis, 1989). Aphid counts were higher in all fertilizer treatments compared with untreated controls. 213:19 pp. Fab. A virus causing peanut mild mottle in Hubei Province, China. In studies conducted in Nigeria, eight genotypes that were either resistant or susceptible to GRV were planted and infested with viruliferous A. craccivora. Cultivar selection was the most important factor determining yield, with aphid-resistant cultivars giving best yields. Aphis craccivora. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. The effects of certain agricultural practices on the infestation of six broad bean cultivars by A. craccivora were studied in Egypt. 702 Ecology of Aphis craccivora and SCSV that north-westerly winds in the spring carried cowpea-aphid alatae from breeding grounds (common burr medic) in the north-western plains of New South Wales towards the coast, and the (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting faba bean in new reclaimed area. Mean (%) (mm) 479 Assessment of Rhynocoris marginatus (Fab.) In: Plumb RT, ed. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 17(1):133-135, Talati GM, Butani PG, 1980. III. Severe tornadoes can stop swarms of aphids, while heavy rains can destroy colonies on young plants, where foliage is not plentiful enough to protect them ( Mayeux, 1984 ). Annals of Applied Biology, 74(3):371-378. The use of monitored applications of insecticides (which are carried out only when insect infestation/damage reaches or exceeds an action threshold) can provide effective control of pests while saving costs and reducing environmental pollution by a decrease in the number of applications made. T-9) in India (Deka and Dutta, 2001) and 8.6 aphids/plant on faba bean in Egypt, depending on the market price of bean and control cost during the season (Abdou et al., 2012). Neem Azal-F as an inhibitor of growth and reproduction in the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch. Borah RK, 1996. APPPC, 1987. In areas with colder winters, overwintering may be as egg or hibernation. Yield losses of faba bean due to aphid attack. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Social Sciences, 7(2):unpaginated. craccivora was reported transmitting five isolates of Peanut stripe virus (PStV) on groundnut in China (Chen et al., 1999). Narzikulov MN, Asrorov IA, Umarov ShA, 1982. Separation and identification of biologically active compounds of the wild plant, Caglayan K, Serce CU, Gazel M, Kaya K, Cengiz FC, Vidal E, Cambra M, 2013. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8:699-721. The cultivar selection and aphid density at initial infestation were the major factors on cowpea growth and yield (Annan et al., 1995, 1996). Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus: a new polerovirus infecting cool-season food legumes in Ethiopia. GRV is transmitted in a persistent manner by A. craccivora, and may persist in aphids for more than 10 days (Mayeux, 1984). Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 5(3):185-196. Indian Journal of Entomology. ]; 1 ref. Identification and mapping of AFLP markers linked to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) resistance to the aphid vector of groundnut rosette disease. Economic injury level of, Egho EO, 2010. A. craccivora was more efficient than Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae in transmitting Groundnut rosette virus-green (GRV-G) and Groundnut rosette virus-chlorotic (GRV-C) (Alegbejo, 1999). London: Chapman Hall, 395-479. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 70(2/3):217-229; 61 ref. A. craccivora transmits this virus in a non-persistent manner, and aphids can remain infective for 2 hours (Bock, 1973; Brunt et al., 1996). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 41(2/4):285-288; 24 ref. in Iran. In: Biological control of lepidopteran pests. Immatures slightly dusted with wax, adults without wax. Alatae 1.4-1.9 mm. for the Management of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididdae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 111, Issue 4, August 2018, ⦠Apterous adults have six-segmented antennae. The total nymphal periods averaged 5.6, 5.1, 5.15 and 4.86 days in May-June, August-September, October-November and March-April, respectively. (Hepper)]. Evaluation of reduviid predators and plant products against chosen groundnut pests. 7:32, Kousalya G, Ayyavoo R, Krishnamurthy CS, Kandaswamy TK, 1973. Shomirsaidov (1983) described IPM on cotton in Tajikistan using selective insecticides and effective natural enemies. Crop Protection. Crop losses caused by A. craccivora are due to direct feeding damage and to indirect damage, chiefly via the transmission of plant viruses.Direct Feeding Damage A. craccivora is anholocyclic almost everywhere. 17. Veg., 34:3-122. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. The effect of, Owolabi AT, Proll E, 2001. GRV can spread rapidly within a groundnut field. Natural infection of mungbean by bean common mosaic virus. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. In a review on options for the management of cowpea pests, Adipala et al. In the tropics it is exclusively anholocyclic, with only females (winged and wingless) normally encountered, and parthenogenetic reproduction occurring throughout the year. Indian Journal of Entomology. Protection of cotton against aphids. The effect of short-term aphid feeding on partitioning of carbon dioxide photoassimilates in three legume species. AAU 34) in India (Sarma et al., 2000), 10.82 aphids/plant on black gram (cv. Yield losses of ca 16% were recorded in groundnut in India due to a complex of insect pests, the predominant one being A. craccivora (Jagtap et al., 1984). III Family Aphididae: subfamily Pterocommatinae and Tribe Aphidini of Subfamily of Aphidinae. Infestations of A. craccivora on cowpeas produced deleterious effects on plant physiology, manifested in reduced growth (quantified by leaf height, leaf area growth rate and plant height) and losses in yield (Annan et al., 1995). oil of Parkia roxburghii (Salam et al., 1995), fractions of Atriplex semibaccata (Barakat et al., 2005) and crude extracts of Halocnemon strobilacium (Abdallah et al., 2009). Annals of Applied Biology, 61:289-294. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. Bulletin of Entomology (New Delhi), 30(1):65-73, Patro B, Behera MK, 1991. Control in groundnuts must be very effective between germination and the 40th day, and therefore systemics with satisfactory persistence through this growth stage are preferred. Journal of Entomological Research, 17(4):247-250. In a survey of groundnuts in Hubei, China, it was reported that infestation by groundnut (peanut) mild mottle virus, transmitted by A. craccivora, was between 1 and 98%. Biology of bean yellow mosaic and pea leaf roll viruses affecting Vicia faba in Iran. Record of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera : Aphididae) on medicinal crop Mucuna pruriens L. in Chhattisgarh (India). Etiology and biology of viruses affecting lentil (Lens esculenta Moench.) A mosaic disease of, Poonam Verma, Gupta UP, 2010. It had four nymphal instars on cowpeas in the laboratory. The response of pests varied. Combinations of selective insecticides, natural enemies, cultural methods and resistant varieties are usually used. The virus was transmitted by A. craccivora and via seed and sap (Sharma et al., 2014). A regional perspective of the phenology and migration of the cowpea aphid. (Primeiro registro de Aphis craccivora Koch 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) sobre plantas daninhas em Santa Maria, RS.). Crop Protection, 90:191-196. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02612194, Mayeux A, 1984. Virus transmissionA. However, plant chemistry, particularly a reduction in the intensity of hydrocarbon translocation, does influence formation of winged individuals (Mayeux, 1984). The groundnut aphid. craccivora is mainly found on plants in the Leguminosae. Müller FP, 1977. ICGV-SM 90704 is resistant to GRV but susceptible to A. craccivora (Merwe et al., 2001). Field evaluation of three entomopathogenic fungi on groundnut pests. Yield losses of ca 16% were recorded in groundnut in India due to a complex of insect pests, the predominant one being A. craccivora (Jagtap et al., 1984). (2000) concluded that selected combinations of agronomic, chemical and cultural control measures (IPM), particularly when combined with early planting, provide better control of cowpea pests than a single control strategy. Even in untreated plots, however, aphid populations declined toward the end of the study, probably due to rising temperature and maturity of the crop (Borah, 1996).A. Aphids Aphis craccivora Aphididae Hemiptera 2. 20:46-50. Quarterly Newsletter, FAO Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 27(4):11, Abdallah SA, Barakat AA, Badawy HMA, Mansour FA, Solimann MMM, 2009. Winged and A. loti ( regarded as a possible Biological agent in the Philippines, were. Sanitary measures are important within crops and between seasons to prevent the of! 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